Gender

We investigate the historical origins of female genital cutting (FGC) and how FGC is associated with the Red Sea route of the African slave trade.

We present new estimates of earnings volatility over time and the life cycle by race and human capital, using Social Security earnings. 

We show that a menopause diagnosis leads to lasting drops in earnings and employment, alongside greater reliance on social transfers.

We analyse thousands of essays written by 11-year-old girls in 1969 to assess conformity with gender norms and its implications for future outcomes.

Life expectancy gaps between gender and income groups are large and generate notable implicit redistribution in lifetime earnings via pension systems.

We measure health inequality during middle and old age by race, ethnicity, and gender.

We propose an intrahousehold model that aggregates individual preferences at the household level as a result of bargaining.

We assess the evolution of inequality over time in Norway and the underlying factors which determine such changes.