Inequality

We provide concrete recommendations to improve the UK pension system to secure better standards of living for future pensioners.

Londoners may have the highest average incomes, but their household spending once you account for housing costs is lower than other regions.

On average, London local authorities rank at the top of the income distribution, but are bottom of the net-of-housing consumption distribution.

Measuring living standards using average household spending gives a starkly different picture of regional inequalities than using average income.

The latest official statistics on household incomes show dramatic falls, but there is reason to doubt their reliability.

The government spent billions on support to help households with their energy bills in 2022–23. Could a better-designed package have saved money?

We study young adults who live with parents, considering how the share living with parents varies across groups, and how this can relate to saving.

The most deprived quintile consistently has higher PM2.5 air pollution levels than the least deprived, and this gap has widened since 2017.

Ethnic minorities were exposed to levels of air pollution 13% higher than white populations in 2003; this ‘ethnic pollution gap’ shrank to 6% by 2023.

In 2019, 50% of ethnic minorities were exposed to more than 10µg/m3 air pollution. By 2023, this number had fallen to close to zero.

There is a clear positive correlation between the ethnic minority share and air pollution concentration. 

The correlation between the income deprivation rank and air pollution is weaker and getting slightly stronger over time.

On average, ethnic minorities were exposed to levels of PM2.5 6% higher than those for white people in 2023, down from 13% in 2003.

The most deprived quintile consistently has higher PM2.5 pollution levels than the least deprived quintile, and this gap has widened since 2017.