More from IFS
Understand this issue

Average household consumption spending before and after housing costs, and mean weekly per-capita income, in different local authorities, 2018–2019
Londoners may have the highest average incomes, but their household spending once you account for housing costs is lower than other regions.
11 April 2025

Two-child limit mitigation in Scotland would help larger poor families but policy design could harm work incentives
Mitigating the two-child limit policy would be an effective way to reduce child poverty, but designing an effective policy is not straightforward.
14 March 2025

Air pollution in England by MSOA over time, measured by PM2.5 exposure, 2003 to 2023
Average exposure to PM2.5 in England fell by 54% between 2003 and 2023. Almost everywhere in England is now below England’s 2040 target for PM2.5.
6 December 2024
Policy analysis

Which places have the highest standard of living?
Measuring living standards using average household spending gives a starkly different picture of regional inequalities than using average income.
11 April 2025

How did tax credits transform the UK welfare system?
Over 20 years since they were introduced, tax credits have now been replaced by universal credit. How did they change the UK welfare system?
4 April 2025

Where and how does the government spend its money?
Explore how and where the government spends money, and how this has changed over time, in all regions and nations of the UK
10 April 2025
Academic research

Small area consumption estimates for local authorities in Great Britain
In this paper, we estimate average equivalised consumption measures across local authority districts in Great Britain.
11 April 2025

The welfare effects of price shocks and household relief packages: Evidence from an energy crisis
How should governments respond to rapid increases in the cost of living driven by shocks to the prices of staple goods?
31 January 2025

Health inequality and health types
We use k-means clustering, a machine learning technique, and Health and Retirement Study data to identify health types during middle and old age.
3 October 2024