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This report considers the extent to which differences in parental characteristics explain gaps in cognitive and socio-emotional development between children at older ages. It documents and explores the differences between children born to cohabiting and married couples for a range of other non-cognitve skills such as engagement in risky behaviours. It draws together and extends work showing the differences in relationship stability between cohabiting and married couples, and the extent to which these differences may play a role in explaining the gaps in cognitive and socio-emotional development between children born and raised in different family forms.
Authors

Research Fellow University College London
Claire is a Research Fellow at IFS, working on the determinants and consequences of participation in childcare and education for parents and children.

Research Fellow University College London
Alissa is an IFS Research Fellow and a Professor of Economics and Director of the Centre for Longitudinal Studies at the UCL Institute of Education.

Research Fellow University of Exeter
Ellen, who was a Senior Research Economist at IFS and is now a Research Fellow, is a Lecturer in Economics at the University of Exeter.
Report details
- DOI
- 10.1920/re.ifs.2013.0087
- Publisher
- Institute for Fiscal Studies
Suggested citation
C, Crawford and A, Goodman and E, Greaves. (2013). Cohabitation, marriage, relationship stability and child outcomes: final report. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. Available at: https://ifs.org.uk/publications/cohabitation-marriage-relationship-stability-and-child-outcomes-final-report (accessed: 20 July 2026).
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