Professor Richard Blundell FBA, of University College London and the Institute for Fiscal Studies, delivered the Keynes Lecture in Economics on 1 November 2001. The key organizing idea in the lecture was to provide an integrated view of the way ‘welfare to work’ and ‘make work pay’ policies affect the earnings, incomes and incentives of working age individuals and their families. Here, Professor Blundell summarises the main strands of his lecture.