![Polling station](/sites/default/files/styles/3_2_desktop/public/2024-06/Polling-station-school.jpg?itok=MRhUozNG)
Charts, graphs and data
Explore our curated graphs and charts with downloadable data for background and insight into the upcoming election.
Key charts from our manifesto analysis
![Polling station](/sites/default/files/styles/3_2_desktop/public/2024-06/Polling-station-school.jpg?itok=MRhUozNG)
![Tax revenue as a share of national income, including proposed tax changes in the 2024 manifestos](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Tax%20revenue%20as%20a%20share%20of%20national%20income%2C%20including%20proposed%20tax%20changes%20in%20the%20Labour%20and%20Conservative%20manifestos%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=-ywwmbcU)
![Scale of manifesto giveaways and takeaways, by party (2029-30)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Scale%20of%20manifesto%20giveaways%20and%20takeaways%2C%20by%20party%20%282029-30%29%402x.jpeg?itok=WPX_ZGzr)
![Public sector net investment including manifesto plans](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Public%20sector%20net%20investment%20including%20manifesto%20plans%402x.jpeg?itok=gogeyaGe)
![Public sector net debt](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Public%20sector%20net%20debt%402x.jpeg?itok=LuIWK15R)
![Illustrative change in day-to-day funding implied by Labour and Conservative plans, 2024–25 to 2028–29](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Illustrative%20change%20in%20day-to-day%20funding%20implied%20by%20Labour%20and%20Conservative%20plans%2C%202024%E2%80%9325%20to%202028%E2%80%9329%402x.jpeg?itok=R3p1JZeC)
![Forecasts for real growth and illustrative scenarios](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Forecasts%20for%20real%20growth%20and%20illustrative%20scenarios%402x.jpeg?itok=qA9nxiyw)
![Main rates of tax over time, including proposed changes in the Conservative manifesto](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Main%20rates%20of%20tax%20over%20time%20with%20the%20proposed%20changes%20in%20the%20Conservative%20manifesto%402x.jpeg?itok=6eKDFIJk)
![National Insurance contributions main rate](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/National%20Insurance%20contributions%20main%20rate%402x.jpeg?itok=Q8jp0O_I)
![Percentage change in selected day-to-day departmental budgets, 2009−10 to 2024−25 (excl. estimated Covid-19 spend)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Copy%20of%20Percentage%20change%20in%20selected%20day-to-day%20departmental%20budgets%2C%202009%E2%88%9210%20to%202024%E2%88%9225%20%28excl.%20estimated%20Covid-19%20spend%29%402x.jpeg?itok=HDE2_eBe)
![Annual spending on working-age benefits (2024-25 prices)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Annual%20working-age%20spending%20on%20health-related%20benefits%20%282024-25%20prices%29%402x.jpeg?itok=peXFPdUD)
![Working-age disability benefit caseload](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Working-age%20disability%20benefit%20caseload%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=AJCCVWNe)
Government finances and spending
![Public sector spending as a share of national income between 1956−57 and 2023–24](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%201.%20Public%20sector%20spending%20as%20a%20share%20of%20national%20income%20between%201956%E2%88%9257%20and%202023%E2%80%9324%402x%20%282%29.jpeg?itok=g7SSzKj8)
![Government spending on health, education, and defence as shares of GDP, between 1955–56 and 2022–23](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%203.%20Government%20spending%20on%20health%2C%20education%2C%20and%20defence%20as%20shares%20of%20GDP%2C%20between%201955%E2%80%9356%20and%202022%E2%80%9323%402x%20%282%29.jpeg?itok=tqTYOorY)
![Average annual real growth rate of government spending by parliament since 1951, including and excluding debt interest spending](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%204.%20Average%20annual%20real%20growth%20rate%20of%20government%20spending%20by%20parliament%20since%201951%2C%20including%20and%20excluding%20debt%20interest%20spending%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=3TBuJicw)
![Average annual change in total spending as a share of GDP](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%205.%20Average%20annual%20change%20in%20total%20spending%20as%20a%20share%20of%20GDP%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=TIhcdvJX)
![UK government spending as a share of GDP in 2024–25 and 2028–29, with and without avoiding cuts to investment and day-to-day spending](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%2016.%20UK%20government%20spending%20as%20a%20share%20of%20GDP%20in%202024%E2%80%9325%20and%202028%E2%80%9329%2C%20with%20and%20without%20avoiding%20cuts%20to%20investment%20and%20day-to-day%20spending%402x.jpeg?itok=cCwFHGvG)
![Average annual change in spending, GDP and inflation between 2019–20 and 2024–25, as forecast in March 2020 and March 2024](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%207.%20Average%20annual%20change%20in%20spending%2C%20GDP%20and%20inflation%20between%202019%E2%80%9320%20and%202024%E2%80%9325%2C%20as%20forecast%20in%20March%202020%20and%20March%202024%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=Sy_aKubp)
![Contribution of each component of government spending to the overall increase in spending as a share of national income between 2019–20 and 2024–25](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%208.%20Contribution%20of%20each%20component%20of%20government%20spending%20to%20the%20overall%20increase%20in%20spending%20as%20a%20share%20of%20national%20income%20between%202019%E2%80%9320%20and%202024%E2%80%9325%402x.jpeg?itok=NtCd449J)
![Successive forecasts for spending on debt interest between 2000–01 and 2028–29, as a share of national income](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%209.%20Successive%20forecasts%20for%20spending%20on%20debt%20interest%20between%202000%E2%80%9301%20and%202028%E2%80%9329%2C%20as%20a%20share%20of%20national%20income%402x.jpeg?itok=jQ9Ooaaj)
![Change in forecasts for debt interest spending between March 2020 and March 2024, split by drivers](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%2010.%20Change%20in%20forecasts%20for%20debt%20interest%20spending%20between%20March%202020%20and%20March%202024%2C%20split%20by%20drivers%402x.jpeg?itok=27vQaKXY)
![Successive forecasts for spending on social security benefits (including the state pension) between 2018–19 and 2028–29, as a share of national income](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%2011.%20Successive%20forecasts%20for%20spending%20on%20social%20security%20benefits%20%28including%20the%20state%20pension%29%20between%202018%E2%80%9319%20and%202028%E2%80%9329%2C%20as%20a%20share%20of%20national%20income%402x.jpeg?itok=ugNeJ-7m)
![Change in share of national income spent on social security benefits and state pensions in 2024–25, as expected in March 2020 and March 2024, split by component of change](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%2012.%20Change%20in%20share%20of%20national%20income%20spent%20on%20social%20security%20benefits%20and%20state%20pensions%20in%202024%E2%80%9325%2C%20as%20expected%20in%20March%202020%20and%20March%202024%2C%20split%20by%20component%20of%20change%402x.jpeg?itok=q7jVubG8)
![Public sector spending as a share of national income since 1997−98, including and not including debt interest spending](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%2013.%20Public%20sector%20spending%20as%20a%20share%20of%20national%20income%20since%201997%E2%88%9298%2C%20including%20and%20not%20including%20debt%20interest%20spending%402x.jpeg?itok=l-8aN0VM)
![Estimated change in day-to-day departmental budgets (average annual real-terms growth) under existing spending plans, 2024–25 to 2028–29](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%2014.%20Estimated%20change%20in%20day-to-day%20departmental%20budgets%20%28average%20annual%20real-terms%20growth%29%20under%20existing%20spending%20plans%2C%202024%E2%80%9325%20to%202028%E2%80%9329%20%402x.jpeg?itok=XOJZs9bx)
![Real-terms change in day-to-day spending for selected departments to 2024–25, from 2009–10 and from 2019–20](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%2015.%20Real-terms%20change%20in%20day-to-day%20spending%20for%20selected%20departments%20to%202024%E2%80%9325%2C%20from%202009%E2%80%9310%20and%20from%202019%E2%80%9320%402x.jpeg?itok=puCoIp5C)
![UK government spending as a share of GDP in 2024–25 and 2028–29, with and without avoiding cuts to investment and day-to-day spending](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%2016.%20UK%20government%20spending%20as%20a%20share%20of%20GDP%20in%202024%E2%80%9325%20and%202028%E2%80%9329%2C%20with%20and%20without%20avoiding%20cuts%20to%20investment%20and%20day-to-day%20spending%402x.jpeg?itok=cCwFHGvG)
![Tax and spend as a share of national income](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Tax%20and%20spend%20as%20a%20share%20of%20national%20income%402x.png?itok=D1FodjVz)
![Government spending](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%201.%20Government%20spending%402x.jpeg?itok=i5CPl4nj)
![Government revenues](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%202.%20Government%20revenues%402x_1.jpeg?itok=ILK6RM34)
![General government net debt](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%203.%20General%20government%20net%20debt%402x.jpeg?itok=wgqP8fCm)
![Nominal GDP growth and debt interest spending as a % of GDP, by parliament, 1951 to present](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/%5BMAY24%20VERSION%5D%20Nominal%20GDP%20growth%20and%20debt%20interest%20spending%20as%20a%20%25%20of%20GDP%2C%20by%20parliament%2C%201951%20to%20present.png?itok=twlWm82d)
![Figure 1. UK health spending in real terms and as a share of GDP, 1949–50 to 2022–23](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%201.%20UK%20health%20spending%20in%20real%20terms%20and%20as%20a%20share%20of%20GDP%2C%201949%E2%80%9350%20to%202022%E2%80%9323%402x.jpeg?itok=Kzsddk78)
![Illustrative change in day-to-day funding implied by latest spending plans, 2024–25 to 2028–29](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/Illustrative%20change%20in%20day-to-day%20funding%20implied%20by%20latest%20spending%20plans%2C%202024%E2%80%9325%20to%202028%E2%80%9329.jpg?itok=2cJH8r4-)
![Pound coin](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2023-03/Pound-coin.jpg?itok=TER-APHK)
![UK government spending over time](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-08/UK%20government%20spending%20over%20time%402x.jpeg?itok=u5NVSbu3)
Savings, pensions and wealth
![Real household disposable income since 1948–49](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/Real%20household%20disposable%20income%20since%201948%E2%80%9349.jpeg?itok=NiDggUvI)
![Average homeownership by age, for people born in different decades](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%204.%20Average%20homeownership%20by%20age%2C%20for%20people%20born%20in%20different%20decades%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=-ePecT6x)
![Median equivalised disposable (before housing costs) annual household income, for people born in different decades](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%205.%20Median%20equivalised%20disposable%20%28before%20housing%20costs%29%20annual%20household%20income%2C%20for%20people%20born%20in%20different%20decades%402x.jpeg?itok=VskhhNpG)
![Figure 3. Gini coefficient of income inequality across OECD countries, 2019 or latest year (if earlier)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%203.%20Gini%20coefficient%20of%20income%20inequality%20across%20OECD%20countries%2C%202019%20or%20latest%20year%20%28if%20earlier%29%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=nUwR18OE)
Education and skills
![Projecting options for school spending per pupil after 2024, 2009–10 = 1](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%201.%20Projecting%20options%20for%20school%20spending%20per%20pupil%20after%202024%2C%202009%E2%80%9310%20%3D%201%20%402x.jpeg?itok=TtY50Zra)
![<div class="flourish-embed" data-src="story/2442771?1515925"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div>](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%202.%20Projecting%20options%20for%2016-18%20education%20spending%20per%20pupil%20after%202024%2C%202009%E2%80%9310%20%3D%201%20%402x.jpeg?itok=ZY802WVm)
![Total school spending per pupil, 2009–10 = 1](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%201.%20Total%20school%20spending%20per%20pupil%2C%202009%E2%80%9310%20%3D%201%402x.jpeg?itok=LdXk7hHy)
![Primary and secondary per-pupil spending by schools, actual up to 2021–22 and forecasts up to 2024–25](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%202.%20Primary%20and%20secondary%20per-pupil%20spending%20by%20schools%2C%20actual%20up%20to%202021%E2%80%9322%20and%20forecasts%20up%20to%202024%E2%80%9325%20%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=_c6b5xaX)
![Pupil numbers in state-funded schools in England over time, actual and forecast](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%203.%20Pupil%20numbers%20in%20state-funded%20schools%20in%20England%20over%20time%2C%20actual%20and%20forecast%402x.jpeg?itok=eTyNrnEP)
![Teacher pay and teaching assistant pay over time as compared with average earnings across the UK, 2010–11 = 1](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%204.%20Teacher%20pay%20and%20teaching%20assistant%20pay%20over%20time%20as%20compared%20with%20average%20earnings%20across%20the%20UK%2C%202010%E2%80%9311%20%3D%201ation%402x.jpeg?itok=cc65jit1)
![Number of pupils with different types of special educational needs (EHCPs only) and the real-terms level of the high-needs budget over time](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Number%20of%20pupils%402x.jpeg?itok=yQ9GgWDz)
![Education capital spending in England over time, 2024–25 prices](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%207.%20Education%20capital%20spending%20in%20England%20over%20time%2C%202024%E2%80%9325%20prices%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=6Z6RV-yv)
![Projecting options for change in total school spending in England between 2024–25 and 2028–29, 2024–25 prices](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%209.%20Projecting%20options%20for%20change%20in%20total%20school%20spending%20in%20England%20between%202024%E2%80%9325%20and%202028%E2%80%9329%2C%202024%E2%80%9325%20prices%402x.jpeg?itok=t9CUA-p1)
![Eligibility for the free entitlement among 2-year-olds, by equivalised household earnings](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%201.%20Eligibility%20for%20the%20free%20entitlement%20among%202-year-olds%2C%20by%20equivalised%20household%20earnings.jpeg?itok=xMO98vO1)
![Comparison of childcare funding rates and market prices](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%202.%20Comparison%20of%20childcare%20funding%20rates%20and%20market%20prices.jpeg?itok=EWpvoUzz)
![Comparison of funding rates and market prices for 2-year-olds, by local authority](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%203.%20Comparison%20of%20funding%20rates%20and%20market%20prices%20for%202-year-olds%2C%20by%20local%20authority.jpeg?itok=4FMXMngY)
![Spending per pupil or student per year at different stages of education (2023–24 prices)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/Spending%20per%20pupil%20or%20student%20per%20year%20at%20different%20stages%20of%20education%20%282023%E2%80%9324%20prices%29.jpeg?itok=X0_eJA1i)
![International students by type of institution](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/International%20students%20by%20type%20of%20institution%20.jpeg?itok=85Cqowxd)
![Figure 2. Comparing the 2022 system and the 2023 system, 2023 entry cohort](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2023-12/Figure%202.%20Comparing%20the%202022%20system%20and%20the%202023%20system%2C%202023%20entry%20cohort%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=L276l0Kf)
Poverty, inequality and social mobility
![Growth in real median household disposable income since 2009–10, whole population and for pensioners and non-pensioners](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%201.%20Growth%20in%20real%20median%20household%20disposable%20income%20since%202009%E2%80%9310%2C%20whole%20population%20and%20for%20pensioners%20and%20non-pensioners%402x.jpeg?itok=e97PKXLA)
![Growth in real household disposable, selected percentiles, 2009–10 to 2022–23](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%202.%20Growth%20in%20real%20household%20disposable%2C%20selected%20percentiles%2C%202009%E2%80%9310%20to%202022%E2%80%9323%402x.jpeg?itok=qW_z8WED)
![Absolute income poverty rates (after housing costs)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%203.%20Absolute%20income%20poverty%20rates%20%28after%20housing%20costs%29%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=zoLfX3nc)
![Median household incomes (equivalised to a childless couple)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Median%20household%20incomes%20%28equivalised%20to%20a%20childless%20couple%29%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=AUj0mQA1)
![Absolute poverty rates](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Absolute%20poverty%20rates%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=vuYC8eL7)
![Relative poverty rates](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Relative%20poverty%20rates%20%282%29.jpeg?itok=gz8ch7Og)
![Household income percentiles (equivalised to a childless couple)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Pen%27s%20parade.jpeg?itok=lg0kEtUC)
![Inequality in income growth across the distribution](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/GIC%20.jpeg?itok=X1e8TRE7)
![Income percentile ratios](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Income%20percentile%20ratios.jpeg?itok=gx6F_rtG)
![Gini coefficient](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Gini%20coefficient.jpeg?itok=pSigZbos)
![Top income shares](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Top%20income%20shares%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=4Em6zRRR)
![Median household incomes by region](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Median%20household%20incomes%20by%20region_0.jpg?itok=yndXHnBg)
![Poverty rates by region](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Poverty%20rates%20by%20region.jpg?itok=eWD5CXoZ)
![Share of households in the top 10% of the income distribution](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Share%20of%20households%20in%20the%20top%2010%25%20of%20the%20income%20distribution.jpg?itok=svoVj0Bj)
![Average disposable household income growth by income percentile, by parliament](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Parliament%20GIC%20OTD.jpeg?itok=5lv42PYI)
![Contributions to net household income growth, 2019-20 to 2022-23, by income third](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Income%20decomposition%20OTD.jpeg?itok=ltvC6kD2)
![Alternative measures of deprivation](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Dot%20plot%20OTD%20combined%20%283%29.jpeg?itok=H0xIhtWQ)
![Figure 3. Gini coefficient of income inequality across OECD countries, 2019 or latest year (if earlier)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%203.%20Gini%20coefficient%20of%20income%20inequality%20across%20OECD%20countries%2C%202019%20or%20latest%20year%20%28if%20earlier%29%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=nUwR18OE)
![Average homeownership by age, for people born in different decades](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%204.%20Average%20homeownership%20by%20age%2C%20for%20people%20born%20in%20different%20decades%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=-ePecT6x)
![Median equivalised disposable (before housing costs) annual household income, for people born in different decades](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%205.%20Median%20equivalised%20disposable%20%28before%20housing%20costs%29%20annual%20household%20income%2C%20for%20people%20born%20in%20different%20decades%402x.jpeg?itok=VskhhNpG)
Benefits
![Distribution of households affected by two-child limit; universal credit claimants with children; and all households with children, by equivalised income decile](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%201.%20Distribution%20of%20households%20affected%20by%20two-child%20limit%3B%20universal%20credit%20claimants%20with%20children%3B%20and%20all%20households%20with%20children%2C%20by%20equivalised%20income%20decile%402x.jpeg?itok=o23wHWND)
![Relative child poverty rates after housing costs, 2008–09 to 2022–23](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%202.%20Relative%20child%20poverty%20rates%20after%20housing%20costs%2C%202008%E2%80%9309%20to%202022%E2%80%9323%402x.jpeg?itok=q0wTNsZ9)
![Successive forecasts for spending on social security benefits (including the state pension) between 2018–19 and 2028–29, as a share of national income](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%2011.%20Successive%20forecasts%20for%20spending%20on%20social%20security%20benefits%20%28including%20the%20state%20pension%29%20between%202018%E2%80%9319%20and%202028%E2%80%9329%2C%20as%20a%20share%20of%20national%20income%402x.jpeg?itok=ugNeJ-7m)
![Figure 1. Number of disability and incapacity benefit recipients, among working-age individuals](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/Figure%201.%20Number%20%20of%20disability%20and%20incapacity%20benefit%20recipients%2C%20among%20working-age%20individuals.jpeg?itok=GGehGroQ)
![Monthly number of new disability and incapacity benefit claims](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/Figure%202.%20Monthly%20number%20of%20new%20disability%20and%20incapacity%20benefit%20claims.jpeg?itok=-cXoY6XE)
![Share of population receiving a health-related benefit by age](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/Panel%20B.%20Any%20health-related%20benefit.jpeg?itok=UFBU3gdt)
![Expenditure on disability and incapacity benefits](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/Figure%204.%20Expenditure%20on%20disability%20and%20incapacity%20benefits.jpeg?itok=haFs2o4c)
![Primary medical condition associated with personal independence payment awards](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/Figure%205.%20Primary%20medical%20condition%20associated%20with%20personal%20independence%20payment%20awards%20%282%29.jpeg?itok=T1Gz6GKq)
![Medical conditions recorded at Work Capability Assessments, January 2022 to November 2023](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/Figure%20A1.%20Medical%20conditions%20recorded%20at%20Work%20Capability%20Assessments%2C%20January%202022%20to%20November%202023.jpeg?itok=O84fLlm8)
![Benefit expenditure to support disabled people and those with health conditions](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/Benefit%20expenditure%20to%20support%20disabled%20people%20and%20those%20with%20health%20conditions%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=GKg3jOjn)
![Monthly Personal Independence Payment inflows and outflows](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/Monthly%20Personal%20Independence%20Payment%20inflows%20and%20outflows.jpeg?itok=QqoquWxc)
Health and social care
![NHS England waiting list](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/NHS%20England%20Waiting%20List.jpeg?itok=UzFstTXH)
![Figure 1. UK health spending in real terms and as a share of GDP, 1949–50 to 2022–23](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%201.%20UK%20health%20spending%20in%20real%20terms%20and%20as%20a%20share%20of%20GDP%2C%201949%E2%80%9350%20to%202022%E2%80%9323%402x.jpeg?itok=Kzsddk78)
![Average change in health spending by parliament](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/%28a%29%20Average%20annual%20real%20growth%20rate%402x.jpeg?itok=VwI_jH2_)
![UK health spending per person and age-adjusted per person](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%203.%20UK%20health%20spending%20per%20person%20and%20age-adjusted%20per%20person%402x.jpeg?itok=2iAb0d7C)
![Real health spending per person in the four nations of the UK](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/%28a%29%20Real%20health%20spending%20per%20person%402x.jpeg?itok=1J9qdpnz)
![Real age-adjusted health spending per person in the four nations of the UK](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/%28a%29%20Real%20age-adjusted%20health%20spending%20per%20person%402x.jpeg?itok=Pbmt9FME)
![NHS funding per person by Integrated Care System in England in 2024–25](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%206.%20NHS%20funding%20per%20person%20by%20Integrated%20Care%20System%20in%20England%20in%202024%E2%80%9325%402x.jpeg?itok=xPHqJeJk)
![UK government health capital spending](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%207.%20UK%20government%20health%20capital%20spending%402x.jpeg?itok=O6qJiY-s)
![Estimated cost to eradicate NHS maintenance backlog (2024–25 prices)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%208.%20Estimated%20cost%20to%20eradicate%20NHS%20maintenance%20backlog%20%282024%E2%80%9325%20prices%29%20%402x.jpeg?itok=Ifw4z0CH)
![Real-terms health spending plans and out-turns (excluding COVID-19 funding)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%209a%402x.jpeg?itok=bVefVtxm)
![Health spending as a share of spending on public services](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%2010.%20Health%20spending%20as%20a%20share%20of%20spending%20on%20public%20services%402x.jpeg?itok=0N_PDBsk)
![Public/compulsory health spending as a share of GDP in selected countries, 1990 to 2022](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%2011a%402x.jpeg?itok=0BtDdPYN)
![DHSC and NHS England resource budgets](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%2012.%20DHSC%20and%20NHS%20England%20resource%20budgets%402x.jpeg?itok=VuURmMlo)
![OBR government health spending projections](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%2013.%20OBR%20government%20health%20spending%20projections%402x.jpeg?itok=c5kPJSFT)
![Trade-off between DHSC real-terms funding growth and all other departments given overall funding envelope](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Fig14.jpg?itok=TeYTXcHb)
![Figure 1. Size of the NHS elective waiting list in England, 2007 to 2023](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%201.%20Size%20of%20the%20NHS%20elective%20waiting%20list%20in%20England%2C%202007%20to%202023.jpeg?itok=qzYbz-64)
![Figure 2. Median waiting time of those on the NHS elective waiting list, since 1987](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%202.%20Median%20%20waiting%20time%20of%20those%20on%20the%20NHS%20elective%20waiting%20list%2C%20since%201987%20%20.png?itok=O8BgNo71)
![Figure 3. Number waiting more than a year, since 1987](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%203.%20Number%20%20waiting%20more%20than%20a%20year%2C%20since%201987.png?itok=AyUZz695)
![Figure 1. Size of the NHS England elective waiting list since 1987](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%201.%20Size%20of%20the%20NHS%20England%20elective%20waiting%20list%20since%201987.jpeg?itok=C4q9cW6G)
![Median waiting times for treated patients, 2007 to 2023](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%202.%20Median%20waiting%20times%20for%20treated%20patients%2C%202007%20to%202023.png?itok=wWGPEb-v)
![95th percentile waiting times for treated patients, 2007 to 2023](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%203.%2095th%20percentile%20waiting%20times%20for%20treated%20patients%2C%202007%20to%202023.png?itok=2GNiVprw)
![Waiting list treatment volumes and new joiners relative to the same month in 2019](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%204.%20Waiting%20list%20treatment%20volumes%20and%20new%20joiners%20relative%20to%20the%20same%20month%20in%202019.jpeg?itok=Y3LhTUn5)
![Number of patients waiting more than a year](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%205.%20Number%20of%20patients%20waiting%20more%20than%20a%20year.jpeg?itok=t26KtVEU)
![Change in waiting lists by region since January 2020](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%206.%20Change%20in%20waiting%20lists%20by%20region%20since%20January%202020%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=mQNc7zob)
![Change in waiting lists by clinical specialty since January 2020](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%208.%20Change%20in%20waiting%20lists%20by%20clinical%20specialty%20since%20January%202020.jpeg?itok=RY0W6Sy_)
![Figure 9. Size of the diagnostic test waiting list, 2006 to 2023](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%209.%20Size%20of%20the%20diagnostic%20test%20waiting%20list%2C%202006%20to%202023.jpeg?itok=xB7u3-zP)
![Share of cancer patients waiting longer than targets, 2009 to 2023](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%2010.%20Share%20of%20cancer%20patients%20waiting%20longer%20than%20targets%2C%202009%20to%202023.jpeg?itok=sKeSzlbz)
![Health and social care visas, by occupation](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/Health%20and%20Social%20Care%20visas%2C%20by%20occupation.jpeg?itok=5z9tAKcc)
![Share of A&E arrivals waiting more than four hours](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%2011.%20Share%20of%20A%26E%20arrivals%20waiting%20more%20than%20four%20hours.jpeg?itok=XppCiuAw)
![Treatment volumes in each waiting list scenario (three-month rolling average)](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%2012.%20Treatment%20volumes%20in%20each%20waiting%20list%20scenario%20%28three-month%20rolling%20average%29.jpeg?itok=6Xi7eeg-)
![Waiting list scenarios](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-02/Figure%2013.%20Waiting%20list%20scenarios.jpeg?itok=rndMvHNs)
Business and investment
![Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) as a percentage of GDP in G7 countries](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/A.%20Whole%20economy%20%28public%20and%20private%29.jpeg?itok=HgsAUADl)
![Public sector net investment since 1978–79](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/Figure%201.%20Public%20sector%20net%20investment%20since%201978%E2%80%9379.jpeg?itok=p2KdmiwU)
![Public sector net investment since 1998–99, with and without student loans](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/Figure%202.%20Public%20sector%20net%20investment%20since%201998%E2%80%9399%2C%20with%20and%20without%20student%20loans.jpeg?itok=BFGZMsri)
![Investment (public and private) as a percentage of GDP in G7 countries, 1980 to 2022](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/Investment%20%28public%20and%20private%29%20as%20a%20percentage%20of%20GDP%20in%20G7%20countries%2C%201980%20to%202022.jpg?itok=OxtcgoY2)
![Capital spending by departments (PSGI in CDEL) since 1998–99](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/Figure%203.%20Capital%20spending%20by%20departments%20%28PSGI%20in%20CDEL%29%20since%201998%E2%80%9399.jpeg?itok=YoTHzfk4)
![Capital funding by department, 2024–25](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/Figure%204.%20Capital%20funding%20by%20department%2C%202024%E2%80%9325.jpeg?itok=7Zz-oJhp)
Tax
![Tax revenue as a share of national income, including proposed tax changes in the 2024 manifestos](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Tax%20revenue%20as%20a%20share%20of%20national%20income%2C%20including%20proposed%20tax%20changes%20in%20the%20Labour%20and%20Conservative%20manifestos%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=-ywwmbcU)
![Change in tax liability from 2019–20 to 2029–30 (2024–25 prices), including proposed changes in the Conservative manifesto](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Change%20in%20tax%20liability%20from%202019%E2%80%9320%20to%202029%E2%80%9330%20%282024%E2%80%9325%20prices%29.jpeg?itok=X2MfP19M)
![Main rates of tax over time, including proposed changes in the Conservative manifesto](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Main%20rates%20of%20tax%20over%20time%20with%20the%20proposed%20changes%20in%20the%20Conservative%20manifesto%402x.jpeg?itok=6eKDFIJk)
![Tax revenue as a share of national income over time](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%201.%20Tax%20revenue%20as%20a%20share%20of%20national%20income%20over%20time%20%20%402x.jpeg?itok=T-DaZdMk)
![Changes in tax revenues as a percentage of national income, by parliament](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%202.%20Changes%20in%20tax%20revenues%20as%20a%20percentage%20of%20national%20income%2C%20by%20parliament%402x.jpeg?itok=iI872Omj)
![Changes in the composition of tax revenue since 2010–11](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%203.%20Changes%20in%20the%20composition%20of%20tax%20revenue%20since%202010%C2%AC%E2%80%93%402x.jpeg?itok=5ta8t4i-)
![Real-terms personal allowance and share of adults paying income tax](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%204.%20Real-terms%20personal%20allowance%20and%20share%20of%20adults%20paying%20income%20tax%402x.jpeg?itok=YLDhDxhq)
![Share of adult population paying income tax by age bracket](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%205.%20Share%20of%20adult%20population%20paying%20income%20tax%20by%20age%20bracket%402x.jpeg?itok=tv4JdsVN)
![Real-terms higher-rate threshold and share of adults paying higher-rate income tax](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%206.%20Real-terms%20higher-rate%20threshold%20and%20share%20of%20adults%20paying%20higher-rate%20income%20tax%402x.jpeg?itok=XVgo08aT)
![Corporation tax main rate and revenue over time](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/Figure%207.%20Corporation%20tax%20main%20rate%20and%20revenue%20over%20time%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=qaxYaL3T)
![Cash change](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/GE24_DA_Fig3Cash%402x.jpeg?itok=a0WeefOt)
![Cash change](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/GE24_DA_Fig1Cash%402x_0.jpeg?itok=6M4l-oHp)
![Cash change](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/GE24_DA_Fig3Cash%402x.jpeg?itok=a0WeefOt)
![Tax and spend as a share of national income](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Tax%20and%20spend%20as%20a%20share%20of%20national%20income%402x.png?itok=D1FodjVz)
![Average effective tax rate of taxpaying estates and share of notified estates of at least £300,000, by lower-limit net value, 2020–21](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-04/Figure%201.%20Average%20effective%20tax%20rate%20of%20taxpaying%20estates%20and%20share%20of%20notified%20estates%20of%20at%20least%20%C2%A3300%2C000%2C%20by%20lower-limit%20net%20value%2C%202020%E2%80%9321.jpeg?itok=uK-7imCG)
![Change in 2027–28 income tax and NICs liability from reforms announced from March 2021 onwards, by employee’s pre-tax earnings](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/Figure%201.%20Change%20in%202027%E2%80%9328%20income%20tax%20and%20NICs%20liability%20from%20reforms%20announced%20from%20March%202021%20onwards%2C%20by%20employee%E2%80%99s%20pre-tax%20earnings%20%282%29.jpeg?itok=mZSvDzBb)
Employment and income
![Employment rate](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Employment%20rate%20%28%25%29%402x.jpeg?itok=9CG5z0J-)
![Out-turn and forecast real growth in level of average earnings, and in median household income, since 2019–20](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%205.%20Out-turn%20and%20forecast%20real%20growth%20in%20level%20of%20average%20earnings%2C%20and%20in%20median%20household%20income%2C%20since%202019%E2%80%9320%20%402x.jpeg?itok=vjlbMugH)
![Growth from 2007 to 2019](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Growth%20from%202007%20to%202019%402x.jpeg?itok=zX5Q2QvQ)
![General (central + local) government employment headcount, millions](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%201.%20General%20%28central%20%2B%20local%29%20government%20employment%20headcount%2C%20millions%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=YCTpk1sJ)
![Working days lost to strike action in the public sector, by quarter](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%202.%20Working%20days%20lost%20to%20strike%20action%20in%20the%20public%20sector%2C%20by%20quarter%2C%20thousands%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=B3_B6-GG)
![Changes in real earnings per worker since April 2007 for public sector employees, by percentile of the public sector earnings distribution](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%204.%20Changes%20in%20real%20earnings%20per%20worker%20since%20April%202007%20for%20public%20sector%20employees%2C%20by%20percentile%20of%20the%20public%20sector%20earnings%20distribution.jpeg?itok=4AYCeBKU)
![Real average (mean) annual earnings per employee in the public and private sectors, 2001−2023](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%203.%20Real%20average%20%28mean%29%20annual%20earnings%20per%20employee%20in%20the%20public%20and%20private%20sectors%2C%202001%E2%88%922023.jpeg?itok=OWChA5Lz)
![Changes in real mean earnings per worker since April 2007 for public sector employees, by sex](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%205.%20Changes%20in%20real%20mean%20earnings%20per%20worker%20since%20April%202007%20for%20public%20sector%20employees%2C%20by%20sex.jpeg?itok=-rSomBoZ)
![Changes in real mean earnings per worker since April 2010 for selected public sector occupations](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Figure%206._0.jpg?itok=C1gsRqNn)
![Percentage change in real mean earnings between April 2010 and April 2019, and between April 2019 and September 2023, by group](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-03/Table%202.%20Percentage%20change%20in%20real%20mean%20earnings%20between%20April%202010%20and%20April%202019%2C%20and%20between%20April%202019%20and%20September%202023%2C%20by%20group.jpg?itok=_WT9B46c)
![Figure 1. Growth in real mean monthly earnings by industry, February 2020 to May 2023](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/Figure%201.%20Growth%20in%20real%20mean%20monthly%20earnings%20by%20industry%2C%20February%202020%20to%20May%202023%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=Yc6cah6x)
Housing
![Net additions to the UK housing stock since 2008](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-01/Net%20additions%20to%20the%20UK%20housing%20stock%20since%202008.jpeg?itok=ubXmMFFI)
![Homeownership rates of working-age adults, by age group, 1995-2022](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%201.%20Homeownership%20rates%20of%20working-age%20adults%2C%20by%20age%20group%2C%201995-2022%402x.jpeg?itok=Bv9-QIXp)
![Homeownership rates of 25-34 year olds, by income quintile, selected years](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-05/Figure%202.%20Homeownership%20rates%20of%2025-34%20year%20olds%2C%20by%20income%20quintile%2C%20selected%20years%402x%20%281%29.jpeg?itok=_CqGtHWs)
![Effect of proposed council tax reforms on household incomes by income decile](/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width_desktop/public/2024-06/%C2%A3%402x.jpeg?itok=XmFi2Z4R)
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