More from IFS
Understand this issue

How do Plan 2 student loans work, and how have they changed over time?
Plan 2 student loans were issued to English students who started university between 2012 and 2022.
6 February 2026

Shaping education funding for the challenges to come
The online launch of 2026 IFS Annual Report on Education Spending in England, funded by the Nuffield Foundation.

IFS Sure Start research wins ONS Research Excellence Award 2025
We are pleased to announce that our research on the effects of Sure Start on children’s outcomes has been awarded ONS's Impact of Analysis Award.
4 December 2025
Policy analysis

Annual report on education spending in England: 2025–26
This annual report compares spending across different stages of education in England and analyses the pressures and choices facing policymakers.
21 January 2026

Demographic change and schools across the UK: lessons from history
Pupil numbers are falling rapidly across the UK. This report analyses the choices facing policymakers and past declines in pupil numbers.
5 December 2025

The hardest questions for SEND are still to be answered
How will changes announced at Budget 2025 affect SEND spending in future? How can the government deal with historic deficits accumulated by councils?
2 December 2025
Academic research

Effective families or effective schools? Experimental evidence on fostering children’s numeracy
We find that strategically concentrating resources on a single binding constraint maximizes the short-run learning gains per dollar spent.
13 May 2026

Unbundling a large-scale school reform: evidence from New York City community schools
We study New York City’s Community Schools Initiative using a difference-in-differences design.
8 May 2026

Parents in the classroom: strengthening government capacity to deliver early childhood education
This paper evaluates a scalable model that engages parents to improve early learning in contexts where both schools and homes are constrained.
5 February 2026