It has been widely reported that the government will announce an increase in National Insurance contributions (NICs) to pay for increased funding for health and social care. This observation examines the effects of increasing NICs compared to increasing income tax.

In this report, we examine how the learning experiences of English school children evolved over the course of the first 12 months of disruption, from the beginning of the first lockdown in March 2020 until the end of the second period of school closures in March 2021.

This briefing note provides an update on school spending trends over time, covering the most recent sets of data, forecasts and policy announcements.

Presentation on 'Inequalities in education, skills, and incomes: Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic,' for the EEA-ESEM Invited Session “Inequality Was Bad – Will the Pandemic Make it Worse?”.