More from IFS
Understand this issue

Rank of local authorities by average household income compared to rank by average consumption after housing costs
On average, London local authorities rank at the top of the income distribution, but are bottom of the net-of-housing consumption distribution.
6 February 2026

Why has in-work poverty risen?
We study the reasons for rising in-work poverty in the 25 years up to the pandemic.
12 November 2025

Is the minimum wage costing jobs?
The UK minimum wage has increased by more than 70% in real terms since 1999. What’s it doing to jobs, prices and profits - and what happens next?
29 January 2026
Policy analysis

Unemployment, benefits and household spending: new evidence from UK bank account data
How much protection does the benefit system afford the newly unemployed? We use UK bank account data to track financial impacts of job loss.
9 January 2026

Options for reforming the two-child limit
How has the two-child limit affected child poverty and other outcomes? What options for altering this policy does the government have?
23 October 2025

How did tax credits transform the UK welfare system?
Over 20 years since they were introduced, tax credits have now been replaced by universal credit. How did they change the UK welfare system?
4 April 2025
Academic research

Small area consumption estimates combining survey and financial footprints data
In this paper, we estimate average equivalized consumption measures across 367 local authority districts in Great Britain.
10 April 2026

For shorter or poorer: attitudes toward the trade-off between poverty and mortality
Many policy decisions involve trade-offs between lives and livelihoods. We provide estimates for a new welfare parameter that expresses this trade off
1 April 2026

Postpartum depression and the motherhood penalty
Using Danish administrative data, we study how postpartum mental health shocks shape women’s labor market trajectories.
13 January 2026