More from IFS
Understand this issue

Are the kids ok? Family life
We explore family life in the UK, rising child poverty, pressures on social care, and the government’s Opportunity Mission to support every child.
5 September 2025

Are the kids ok? The school years
From attainment to absences, SEND to well-being, we assess the state of England’s schools and the Opportunity Mission’s promise to level the field.
21 August 2025

Shaping education funding for the challenges to come
The online launch of 2026 IFS Annual Report on Education Spending in England, funded by the Nuffield Foundation.
Policy analysis

Support for children with disabilities and special educational needs
How do trends, demographics and outcomes of children receiving support for health conditions compare across the benefits and education systems?
3 October 2025

Rapid rise in children receiving support for special educational needs and disabilities drives spending ever higher
The share of children receiving SEND support has nearly doubled in a decade, with spending set to reach £21 billion by 2029
3 October 2025

What is the effect of the two-child limit on children’s school readiness?
Despite significantly reducing the benefit entitlements of larger families, the two-child limit had no effect on children’s school readiness
24 September 2025
Academic research

On the move: local opportunities and youth migration
This paper uses administrative data linking school and tax records to study migration in people's early careers.
2 January 2026

Not just a North–South divide: the geography of opportunity in England
This paper investigates how the link between opportunity and childhood varies in England.
23 December 2025

Intergenerational altruism and transfers of time and money: a life cycle perspective
We find that parental time investments increase children's human capital, but parents also enjoy time spent with children more than work.
1 July 2025