More from IFS
Understand this issue

Should the Chancellor raise capital gains tax?
We explore why CGT reform is necessary and how changes could make the tax system fairer, more efficient and more growth-friendly.
9 October 2024

How could the Chancellor raise more tax?
What options does the Chancellor have for raising taxes in the October Budget?
28 August 2024

We can’t have any more budgets where speculation is running wild
Rachel Reeves needs to deliver a clear statement of intent for the remainder of this government’s time in office
28 October 2024
Policy analysis

Employment rates in the UK and the four frontier countries, by age and gender, 2005 to 2023
The employment rate gaps for 15-24-year-olds and 55-64-year-olds together explain three quarters of the difference in employment rates between the UK.
12 December 2024

Employment rates for 15–24-year-olds, by education status, 2019 and 2023
The UK stands out for having low employment rates amongst young people in education.
12 December 2024

Share of early education and childcare subsidies targeted at different groups
Support targeted at workers further up the income distribution has grown from a tenth of the overall pot to a third.
10 January 2025
Academic research

Wage effects of means-tested transfers: Incidence implications of using firms as intermediaries
We show that how countries disburse tax credits matters for economic incidence by exploiting reform to the disbursement of child benefits in Argentina
22 October 2024

The menopause "penalty"
We show that a menopause diagnosis leads to lasting drops in earnings and employment, alongside greater reliance on social transfers.
21 March 2025

Firm quality and health maintenance
We estimate the impact of firm quality – primarily measured by firm productivity – on the health maintenance of employees.
18 December 2024