More from IFS
Understand this issue
![Air pollution in England by MSOA over time](/sites/default/files/styles/square_desktop/public/2024-12/Copy%20of%20Air%20pollution%20in%20England%20by%20MSOA%20over%20time%2C%20measured%20by%20PM2.5%20exposure%2C%202003%20to%202023%402x.jpeg?itok=v03nMKx4)
Air pollution in England by MSOA over time, measured by PM2.5 exposure, 2003 to 2023
Average exposure to PM2.5 in England fell by 54% between 2003 and 2023. Almost everywhere in England is now below England’s 2040 target for PM2.5.
6 December 2024
![Housing map](/sites/default/files/styles/square_desktop/public/2024-11/Housing%20supply%20elasticities%2C%20and%20changes%20in%20number%20%20of%20properties%20and%20house%20prices%20%402x%20%282%29.jpeg?itok=2AuO0JcC)
Housing supply elasticities and percentage changes in number of properties and house prices across England, 1996 to 2021
The responsiveness of housing supply to local demand is highest in the East of England and lowest in and around London and in the North-West.
22 November 2024
![Map of house price increases](/sites/default/files/styles/square_desktop/public/2024-11/House-prices-map-0.jpg?itok=_vnIL-GG)
How have local house prices and house building changed across England?
See how house prices and house building have changed in your area, and compare how responsive building has been to prices in areas across England.
22 November 2024
Policy analysis
![Employment rates of 15–64 year olds in OECD countries, 2016 to 2023](/sites/default/files/styles/square_desktop/public/2024-12/Figure%202.%20Employment%20rates%20of%2015%E2%80%9364%20year%20olds%20in%20OECD%20countries%2C%202016%20to%202023%402x.jpeg?itok=BZgVxEmz)
Employment rates of 15–64-year-olds in OECD countries, 2016 to 2023
There is a sizeable gap between the UK’s employment rate of 75% and the top four countries who have achieved an 80% employment rate.
12 December 2024
![Employment rates in the UK and the four frontier countries, by age and gender, 2005 to 2023](/sites/default/files/styles/square_desktop/public/2024-12/Figure%203.%20Employment%20rates%20in%20the%20UK%20and%20the%20four%20frontier%20countries%2C%20by%20age%20and%20gender%2C%202005%20to%202023%402x.jpeg?itok=h2B58XzI)
Employment rates in the UK and the four frontier countries, by age and gender, 2005 to 2023
The employment rate gaps for 15-24-year-olds and 55-64-year-olds together explain three quarters of the difference in employment rates between the UK.
12 December 2024
![Employment rates for 15–24-year-olds, by education status, 2019 and 2023](/sites/default/files/styles/square_desktop/public/2024-12/Figure%204.%20Employment%20rates%20for%2015%E2%80%9324-year-olds%2C%20by%20education%20status%2C%202019%20and%202023%402x.jpeg?itok=IvRC4Pvb)
Employment rates for 15–24-year-olds, by education status, 2019 and 2023
The UK stands out for having low employment rates amongst young people in education.
12 December 2024
Academic research
![Working paper cover](/sites/default/files/styles/portrait/public/2024-10/WP202449-Wage-effects-of-means-tested-transfers-incidence-implications-of-using-firms-as-intermediaries_Page_001.jpg?itok=BnR-BIDr)
Wage effects of means-tested transfers: Incidence implications of using firms as intermediaries
We show that how countries disburse tax credits matters for economic incidence by exploiting reform to the disbursement of child benefits in Argentina
22 October 2024
![Working paper cover](/sites/default/files/styles/portrait/public/2024-12/WP202458-Firm-quality-and-health-maintenance_Page_01.jpg?itok=M6jVsHS1)
Firm quality and health maintenance
We estimate the impact of firm quality – primarily measured by firm productivity – on the health maintenance of employees.
18 December 2024
![Woman calculating pension](/sites/default/files/styles/square_desktop/public/2024-07/Woman%20calculating%20pension.jpg?itok=27xRP2Ph)
Very weak income growth for poor pensioners has meant rising pensioner poverty since 2011
19 July 2024